Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 K86.8
ICD-9 577.8
MeSH D010188

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. This disease is found frequently in dogs. EPI is also found in humans afflicted with cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome. EPI is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Most commonly in dogs, this is caused by pancreatic acinar atrophy. The atrophy in turn can be caused by previous infections, a blocked pancreatic duct, or genetics. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common cause of EPI in humans and cats, but it is an uncommon cause in dogs.[1] Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients.

Contents

In humans

Causes

In humans, the common causes of EPI are Cystic Fibrosis, which is a hereditary recessive disease of Europeans and Ashkenazi Jews involving a chloride channel called CFTR, and chronic pancreatitis. Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome is the second most common cause of pancreatic insufficiency in humans.

EPI is also fairly common in diabetes - both type 1 and type 2. Studies have shown that about 35% of type 2 diabetics and 50% of type 1 diabetics exhibit symptoms and characteristics of EPI. However, treatment is normally only initiated once the patient complains of problems with steatorrhea, bulky stools, abdominal pain, and/or flatulence. Some clinicians refer to this phenomenon as "diabetic diarrhea", however this term is rarely explained as a symptom of EPI possibly because it could also be linked to GI motility problems. Limited and preliminary studies have indicated that treatment of EPI with products such as Pancrelipase have an effect on glucose control. Also, there have been only small differences in the fat soluble vitamin status of diabetics treated with products such as Pancrelipase, as steatorrhea can lead to a decrease in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins.[2]

Treatment

Often this is treated with Pancreatic Enzyme Products (PEPs), such as pancrelipase, that are used to break down fats (lipases), proteins (proteases) and carbohydrates (amylases) into units that can be digested by those with EPI.[3]

In animals

Pathogenesis

In dogs, EPI is most common in young German Shepherd Dogs, and Rough Collies in Finland,[4] in which it is inherited.[5] In the German Shepherd Dog the method of inheritance is through an autosomal recessive gene.[6] In these two breeds, at least, the cause appears to be immune-mediated as a sequela to lymphocytic pancreatitis.[7] The German Shepherd Dog makes up about two-thirds of cases seen with EPI.[8] Other breeds reported to be predisposed to EPI include terrier breeds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Chow Chows[5] and Picardien Shepherd.

Symptoms

In animals, signs of EPI are not present until 85 to 90 percent of the pancreas is unable to secrete its enzymes.[1] In dogs, symptoms include weight loss, poor hair coat, flatulence, increased appetite, coprophagia, and diarrhea. Feces are often yellow-gray in color with an oily texture. There are many concurrent diseases that mimic EPI and severe pancreatitis is one that is allowed to continue unabated can lead to EPI.

Diagnosis and treatment

The most reliable test for EPI in dogs and cats is serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI).[9] A low value indicates EPI. Fecal elastase levels may also be used for diagnosis in dogs.[10]

In dogs, the best treatment is to supplement its food with dried pancreatic extracts. There are commercial preparations available, but chopped bovine pancreas from the butcher can also be used (pork pancreas should not be used because of the rare transmission of pseudorabies).[11] Symptoms usually improve within a few days, but lifelong treatment is required in most cases. A rare side effect of use of dried pancreatic extracts is oral ulceration and bleeding.[12]

Because of malabsorption, serum levels of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and tocopherol (vitamin E) may be low. These may be supplemented, although since cyanocobalamin contains the toxic chemical cyanide, dogs which have serious cobalamin issues should instead be treated with hydroxocobalamin or methylcobalamin. Cyanocobalamin deficiency is very common in cats with EPI because about 99 percent of intrinsic factor (which is required for cyanocobalamin absorption from the intestine) is secreted by the pancreas. In dogs this figure is about 90 percent, and only about 50 percent of dogs have this deficiency.[11] Cats may suffer from Vitamin K deficiencies. If there is bacterial overgrowth in the intestine, antibiotics should be used, especially if treatment is not working. In dogs failing to gain weight or continuing to show symptoms, modifying the diet to make it low fiber and highly digestible may help. Despite previous belief that low fat diets are beneficial in dogs with EPI, more recent studies have shown that a high fat diet may increase absorption of nutrients and better manage the disease.[13] However, it has been shown that different dogs respond to different dietary modifications, so the best diet must be determined on a case by case basis.[14]

Sequelae

Volvulus or mesenteric torsion is a rare sequela of EPI in dogs.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3. 
  2. ^ http://www.codhy.com/berlin/Uploads/assets/hall%20c/hall%20c%20sunday/ppthardt.pdf
  3. ^ "FDA rulemaking history of OTC EPI drug products". Fda.gov. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/ucm063031.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-08. 
  4. ^ Westermarck E, Wiberg M (2003). "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs". Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33 (5): 1165–79, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00057-3. PMID 14552166. 
  5. ^ a b Hall, Edward J. (2003). "Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency". Proceedings of the 28th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2003&PID=6553&O=Generic. Retrieved 2007-02-24. 
  6. ^ Clark L, Wahl J, Steiner J, Zhou W, Ji W, Famula T, Williams D, Murphy K (2005). "Linkage analysis and gene expression profile of pancreatic acinar atrophy in the German Shepherd Dog". Mamm Genome 16 (12): 955–62. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-0076-1. PMID 16341675. 
  7. ^ Wiberg M, Saari S, Westermarck E (1999). "Exocrine pancreatic atrophy in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies: an end result of lymphocytic pancreatitis". Vet Pathol 36 (6): 530–41. doi:10.1354/vp.36-6-530. PMID 10568434. 
  8. ^ Kim J, Jung D, Kang B, Kim H, Park C, Park E, Lim C, Park H (2005). "Canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated with porcine pancreatic extract". J Vet Sci 6 (3): 263–6. PMID 16131834. 
  9. ^ Steiner J, Rutz G, Williams D (2006). "Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency". Am J Vet Res 67 (1): 84–7. doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.1.84. PMID 16426216. 
  10. ^ Rallis, Timoleon S.; Adamama-Moraitou, K. (2004). "Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats: An Update". Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2004&PID=8673&O=Generic. Retrieved 2007-02-24. 
  11. ^ a b "Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/23404.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-24. 
  12. ^ Snead E (2006). "Oral ulceration and bleeding associated with pancreatic enzyme supplementation in a German shepherd with pancreatic acinar atrophy". Can Vet J 47 (6): 579–82. PMC 1461413. PMID 16808232. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1461413. 
  13. ^ Biourge V, Fontaine J (2004). "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and adverse reaction to food in dogs: a positive response to a high-fat, soy isolate hydrolysate-based diet". J Nutr 134 (8 Suppl): 2166S–2168S. PMID 15284428. 
  14. ^ Westermarck E, Wiberg M (2006). "Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs". J Am Vet Med Assoc 228 (2): 225–9. doi:10.2460/javma.228.2.225. PMID 16426193.